Writing letters to authors may seem like a lost art in today’s digital age, but it holds a significant importance that should not be overlooked. This blog post aims to shed light on the value of writing letters to authors and provide a comprehensive guide on how to craft a well-written letter that can establish a meaningful connection with your favorite writers.
Importance of Writing Letters to Authors
In an era dominated by emails and social media, taking the time to write a physical letter to an author can make a lasting impression. It demonstrates a level of dedication and appreciation that is often lacking in our fast-paced, digital world. Letters to authors serve as a tangible token of gratitude and admiration for their work, and they can have a profound impact on the authors themselves.
Purpose of the Blog Post
The purpose of this blog post is to guide readers on how to write effective letters to authors, with the aim of fostering a deeper connection between readers and writers. By following the steps outlined in this post, you can learn how to express your admiration, ask questions, and share personal experiences in a way that resonates with authors and encourages them to engage with their readers.
Writing letters to authors is not only beneficial for readers but also for authors themselves. It allows them to gain insights into how their work has touched the lives of their readers and provides them with a sense of fulfillment and validation. Moreover, it can inspire authors to continue creating meaningful stories that resonate with their audience.
In the next section, we will delve into the author-reader relationship and explore the numerous benefits of connecting with authors through letters.
Understanding the Author-Reader Relationship
The relationship between authors and readers is a unique and special one. Authors have the power to transport readers to different worlds, evoke emotions, and inspire imagination. As readers, we often form a deep connection with the authors whose works we admire. Understanding this relationship is crucial to fully appreciate the impact of writing letters to authors.
The role of authors in readers’ lives
Authors play a significant role in the lives of their readers. Through their words, they have the ability to touch hearts, challenge beliefs, and provide comfort. Books can serve as companions during difficult times or sources of inspiration when we need it most. Authors become our mentors, guiding us through their stories and imparting wisdom along the way. Their words have the power to shape our perspectives and leave a lasting impact on our lives.
Benefits of connecting with authors through letters
Writing letters to authors can be a meaningful way to connect with them on a personal level. It allows readers to express their appreciation for the author’s work and share how their books have influenced them. This connection can be mutually beneficial, as authors often find encouragement and inspiration from hearing how their writing has touched the lives of their readers.
Moreover, writing letters to authors provides an opportunity for readers to ask questions, seek clarification, or engage in a dialogue about the author’s work. This interaction can deepen the reader’s understanding of the author’s intentions and provide valuable insights into the creative process. By reaching out to authors, readers can foster a sense of community and contribute to the ongoing conversation surrounding literature.
In addition, the act of writing a letter itself can be therapeutic and cathartic. It allows readers to reflect on their own experiences and articulate their thoughts and emotions. By putting pen to paper or typing out their thoughts, readers can gain clarity and a deeper appreciation for the author’s work.
By understanding the author-reader relationship and the benefits of connecting with authors through letters, readers can embark on a journey of exploration and appreciation. Writing letters to authors not only allows readers to express their gratitude but also fosters a deeper understanding of the author’s work and the impact it has on their lives. So, let’s dive deeper into the process of researching authors and crafting engaging letters that will leave a lasting impression.
Researching the Author
When writing a letter to an author, it is important to gather information about them in order to establish a meaningful connection. Researching the author allows you to understand their background, works, and writing style, which can help you craft a more personalized and engaging letter. Here are some steps to follow when researching an author:
Gathering Information about the Author
Before you start writing your letter, take the time to gather information about the author. This can include their biography, interviews, articles, and social media profiles. Look for details such as their education, writing journey, and any significant events or experiences that have influenced their work. This information will help you understand the author’s perspective and provide a foundation for your letter.
Understanding the Author’s Background and Works
To establish a genuine connection with the author, it is essential to familiarize yourself with their background and works. Read their books, articles, or any other written material they have produced. Pay attention to their writing style, themes, and recurring motifs. This will enable you to have a deeper understanding of their work and allow you to discuss specific aspects in your letter.
Identifying Common Ground
While researching the author, try to identify any common ground or shared interests. Look for elements in their work that resonate with you personally. This could be a particular character, theme, or even a writing technique that you admire. By highlighting these points of connection in your letter, you can demonstrate your genuine appreciation for their work and create a stronger bond with the author.
Discovering the Author’s Influences
Authors are often influenced by other writers, books, or experiences that have shaped their writing journey. Take the time to explore the author’s influences and see if any of them align with your own interests. This can provide valuable insights into their writing style and help you establish a deeper connection with them. Mentioning these influences in your letter can show the author that you have taken the time to understand their creative process.
Staying Up-to-Date with the Author’s Latest Works
In addition to researching the author’s past works, it is important to stay informed about their latest releases or projects. Follow their social media accounts, subscribe to their newsletter, or join their fan clubs to receive updates about their upcoming books or events. By demonstrating your enthusiasm for their current projects, you show the author that you are an engaged and dedicated reader.
Researching the author is a crucial step in writing a letter that will resonate with them. By gathering information about the author’s background, understanding their works, identifying common ground, discovering their influences, and staying up-to-date with their latest projects, you can create a letter that is thoughtful, personalized, and meaningful. Remember, the goal is to establish a genuine connection with the author and express your appreciation for their work. So, take the time to research and get to know the author before putting pen to paper.
Choosing the Right Format
When it comes to writing letters to authors, choosing the right format is crucial. The format you choose will depend on the purpose and tone of your letter. Additionally, you’ll need to decide whether to write a handwritten or typed letter. Let’s explore these considerations in more detail.
Considering the Purpose and Tone of the Letter
Before you start writing your letter, it’s important to consider the purpose and tone you want to convey. Are you writing to express your appreciation for the author’s work? Do you have specific questions or comments about their books? Understanding the purpose of your letter will help guide your format choice.
For example, if you’re writing a formal letter to request an interview or ask for permission to use the author’s work, a typed letter would be more appropriate. On the other hand, if you’re writing a personal letter to share your thoughts and feelings about the author’s books, a handwritten letter can add a personal touch.
Deciding Between Handwritten or Typed Letters
Once you’ve determined the purpose and tone of your letter, you’ll need to decide whether to write a handwritten or typed letter. Each format has its own advantages and considerations.
Handwritten letters have a certain charm and personal touch that can make a strong impression on the author. They show that you took the time and effort to write a letter by hand, which can be seen as a thoughtful gesture. Handwritten letters also allow you to add personal touches, such as doodles or underlined passages, which can enhance the overall experience for the author.
However, it’s important to note that handwriting can sometimes be difficult to read, especially if your handwriting is not very clear. Additionally, handwritten letters may take longer to write and may not be suitable for formal or professional correspondence.
Typed letters, on the other hand, offer a clean and professional appearance. They are easier to read and can be more efficient to write, especially if you are not confident in your handwriting. Typed letters also allow you to easily edit and revise your content before finalizing the letter.
However, typed letters may lack the personal touch and warmth that handwritten letters offer. They can sometimes feel impersonal and less intimate. If you choose to type your letter, consider using a high-quality paper and a professional font to maintain a polished look.
In conclusion, choosing the right format for your letter to an author is essential. Consider the purpose and tone of your letter, and decide whether a handwritten or typed letter would be more appropriate. Remember, the goal is to create a meaningful connection with the author, so choose a format that best reflects your intentions and enhances your message.
Crafting an Engaging Opening
When writing a letter to an author, the opening is crucial as it sets the tone for the entire correspondence. An engaging opening not only captures the author’s attention but also establishes a connection between the reader and the author. Here are some tips to help you craft an opening that will make your letter stand out:
Expressing appreciation for the author’s work
Begin your letter by expressing your genuine appreciation for the author’s work. Highlight specific books or pieces of writing that have had a profound impact on you. Share how their words have resonated with you and made a difference in your life. By expressing your admiration, you show the author that their work matters and that you value their contribution to the literary world.
For example, you could say, “Dear [Author’s Name], I wanted to take a moment to express my deep gratitude for your novel, [Book Title]. Your captivating storytelling and vivid descriptions transported me to a world filled with emotions and imagination. I was truly captivated by your words and couldn’t put the book down until I reached the very last page.”
Sharing personal connections to the author’s writing
To create a personal connection with the author, share any personal connections or experiences you have had with their writing. This could include how their characters reminded you of someone you know, how their stories helped you through a difficult time, or how their words inspired you to pursue your own writing journey. By sharing these connections, you not only show your appreciation but also demonstrate the impact the author’s work has had on your life.
For instance, you might write, “Your character, [Character’s Name], reminded me so much of my best friend. The way you portrayed their struggles and triumphs felt so authentic and relatable. It made me reflect on the importance of friendship and the power of resilience. Your writing has touched my heart in ways I can’t fully express.”
Crafting an engaging opening sets the stage for a meaningful and impactful letter to the author. By expressing your appreciation and sharing personal connections, you establish a genuine connection with the author and show them the impact their work has had on your life. Remember to be sincere and heartfelt in your opening, as it will set a positive tone for the rest of your letter.
In the next section, we will explore how to structure the body of the letter to effectively communicate your thoughts and questions to the author.
Structuring the Letter
When writing a letter to an author, it’s important to structure your thoughts and ideas in a clear and organized manner. This will not only make your letter more readable but also increase the chances of receiving a thoughtful response. Here are some key points to consider when structuring your letter:
Introducing oneself and explaining the purpose of the letter
Begin your letter by introducing yourself. Mention your name, where you are from, and any relevant background information that establishes your connection to the author’s work. This will help the author understand why you are reaching out and create a personal connection from the start.
Clearly state the purpose of your letter. Are you seeking clarification on a particular aspect of the author’s work? Do you want to express your appreciation for their writing? Or perhaps you have questions about their writing process? Whatever the reason, make it clear and concise in your introduction.
Discussing specific aspects of the author’s work
In the body of your letter, delve into specific aspects of the author’s work that you find intriguing or impactful. This could include discussing memorable characters, plot twists, or themes that resonated with you. Be specific and provide examples from the author’s work to support your points. This will show the author that you have taken the time to engage deeply with their writing.
Asking thoughtful questions or seeking clarification
Engage the author by asking thoughtful questions or seeking clarification on certain aspects of their work. This not only shows your genuine interest but also encourages the author to share their insights and perspectives. Avoid generic questions and instead focus on specific details or themes that you want to explore further. This will help create a meaningful dialogue between you and the author.
Remember to be respectful and considerate when asking questions. Avoid interrogating the author or making demands. Instead, frame your questions in a way that invites conversation and demonstrates your curiosity and admiration for their work.
Expressing gratitude for the author’s time and work
As you wrap up your letter, express your gratitude for the author’s time and work. Acknowledge the effort and dedication they have put into their writing. Let them know how their work has impacted you personally and how it has enriched your reading experience.
Offering contact information or requesting a response
In the closing of your letter, offer your contact information. This could be an email address or a mailing address where the author can reach you if they choose to respond. Make it clear that you would appreciate a response but also understand that authors are busy individuals and may not be able to reply to every letter they receive.
Proofreading and Editing
Before sending your letter, take the time to proofread and edit it for grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors. A well-written and error-free letter demonstrates your attention to detail and professionalism. It also ensures that your message is clear and coherent, making it easier for the author to understand and respond to.
In conclusion, structuring your letter to an author is essential to effectively communicate your thoughts and engage the author in a meaningful conversation. By following these guidelines, you can craft a well-organized and thoughtful letter that increases the chances of receiving a response. Remember, writing a letter to an author is not only a way to express your appreciation but also an opportunity to connect with the creative minds behind the stories you love.
Maintaining a Polite and Respectful Tone
Maintaining a polite and respectful tone is crucial when writing letters to authors. It not only shows your appreciation for their work but also reflects your professionalism and sincerity as a reader. Here are some essential tips to help you maintain a polite and respectful tone in your letters:
Using Appropriate Language and Tone
When writing a letter to an author, it is important to use appropriate language and tone. Keep in mind that authors are often busy individuals, and they receive numerous letters from readers. Therefore, it is essential to be concise, clear, and respectful in your communication.
Avoid using slang, offensive language, or inappropriate jokes in your letter. Stick to a formal tone and use polite language throughout. Remember, your goal is to express your admiration and appreciation for the author’s work, so it is crucial to maintain a respectful tone.
Avoiding Criticism or Negative Comments
While it is natural to have different opinions about a particular book or aspect of an author’s work, it is important to avoid criticism or negative comments in your letter. Instead, focus on the positive aspects of the author’s work that have resonated with you.
If you have constructive feedback or suggestions, frame them in a polite and respectful manner. Remember that your intention is to connect with the author and express your appreciation, not to criticize or belittle their work.
Acknowledging the Author’s Efforts
Authors put in a tremendous amount of effort and dedication into their work. Therefore, it is essential to acknowledge their hard work and talent in your letter. Express your gratitude for the author’s creativity, storytelling skills, and the impact their work has had on you as a reader.
By acknowledging the author’s efforts, you not only show respect but also create a positive impression. This can increase the chances of the author responding to your letter or even considering your feedback in the future.
Being Mindful of Boundaries
While it is exciting to connect with authors through letters, it is important to be mindful of boundaries. Respect the author’s privacy and avoid asking personal or intrusive questions. Stick to discussing their work and the impact it has had on you as a reader.
Additionally, avoid making excessive demands or requests in your letter. Remember that authors have busy schedules and may not be able to fulfill every reader’s request. Be considerate and understand that they may not be able to respond to every letter individually.
Expressing Gratitude
Finally, always express your gratitude for the author’s time and work. Thank them for taking the time to read your letter and consider your thoughts. Let them know how much their work means to you and how it has influenced your life.
By expressing gratitude, you show respect and appreciation for the author’s contribution to the literary world. This can leave a lasting impression and may even encourage the author to continue writing and connecting with their readers.
In conclusion, maintaining a polite and respectful tone is essential when writing letters to authors. By using appropriate language and tone, avoiding criticism, acknowledging the author’s efforts, being mindful of boundaries, and expressing gratitude, you can create a positive and meaningful connection with the author. Remember, your letter is an opportunity to connect with someone whose work has touched your life, so approach it with sincerity and respect.
Adding Personal Touches
Adding personal touches to your letter is a great way to make a connection with the author and show them that their work has had a meaningful impact on you. By sharing personal anecdotes or experiences related to the author’s work, you can create a sense of camaraderie and make your letter stand out. Here are some tips on how to add those personal touches to your letter:
Sharing personal anecdotes or experiences related to the author’s work
When writing your letter, think about any personal experiences or anecdotes that you have had that relate to the author’s work. Did their book inspire you to take a life-changing trip? Did their characters resonate with you on a deep emotional level? Sharing these experiences with the author can help them see the real-world impact of their writing and make a personal connection with you as a reader.
For example, if you are writing to an author who wrote a book about overcoming adversity, you could share a personal story about how their book helped you through a difficult time in your life. This not only shows the author that their work has made a difference, but it also adds a personal touch to your letter that will make it memorable.
Including compliments or praise for specific books or characters
Another way to add a personal touch to your letter is by including compliments or praise for specific books or characters that the author has created. Take the time to reflect on the impact that their work has had on you and be specific in your praise.
For instance, if you are writing to an author who has created a beloved character, you could express your admiration for how well-developed and relatable that character is. You could also mention specific scenes or plot twists that you found particularly captivating. By highlighting these specific elements, you show the author that you have truly engaged with their work and appreciated the effort they put into crafting their story.
Remember, when adding personal touches to your letter, be genuine and sincere. Authors can often tell when someone is just trying to flatter them, so it’s important to be authentic in your praise and share your genuine thoughts and feelings.
In conclusion, adding personal touches to your letter is a powerful way to connect with authors and show them the impact their work has had on you as a reader. By sharing personal anecdotes or experiences related to their work and including compliments or praise for specific books or characters, you can make your letter memorable and meaningful. So, the next time you write a letter to an author, don’t be afraid to open up and share your personal connection to their writing.
Wrapping Up the Letter
After expressing your thoughts and engaging with the author’s work, it’s time to wrap up your letter in a thoughtful and appreciative manner. The conclusion of your letter is just as important as the opening, as it leaves a lasting impression on the author. Here are some key points to consider when wrapping up your letter:
Expressing gratitude for the author’s time and work
Express your sincere gratitude for the author’s time and effort in creating their books. Let them know how much you appreciate their dedication to their craft and the impact their work has had on you. Be specific about which books or characters you enjoyed the most and why they resonated with you.
For example, you could say something like, “I am truly grateful for the time and energy you have invested in creating such captivating stories. Your ability to transport readers to different worlds and evoke a range of emotions is truly remarkable.”
Offering contact information or requesting a response
In this digital age, it’s easier than ever to connect with authors. Offer your contact information such as your email address or social media handles, in case the author wishes to respond or engage further. This shows your willingness to continue the conversation and build a connection beyond the letter.
You can also politely request a response if you would like to hear back from the author. However, keep in mind that authors receive numerous letters and may not be able to respond to everyone individually. Be understanding and appreciative even if you don’t receive a response.
Here’s an example of how you can offer your contact information: “If you have any thoughts or would like to continue the conversation, I would be delighted to hear from you. You can reach me at [email protected] or find me on Twitter @YourUsername.”
Ending on a positive note
End your letter on a positive and encouraging note. Reiterate your appreciation for the author’s work and the impact it has had on your life. Let them know that their writing has inspired you or brought you joy. This will leave a lasting impression and may even motivate the author to continue creating exceptional stories.
For instance, you could say something like, “Thank you once again for sharing your incredible talent with the world. Your stories have touched my heart and ignited my imagination. I eagerly await your future works and the magic they will undoubtedly bring.”
By wrapping up your letter with gratitude, offering contact information, and ending on a positive note, you leave a lasting impression on the author. Remember to be genuine and respectful throughout your letter, as authors appreciate heartfelt messages from their readers. So, take the time to craft a thoughtful conclusion that reflects your appreciation for their work. Happy writing!
Proofreading and Editing
Proofreading and editing are crucial steps in the letter-writing process. They ensure that your letter is polished, professional, and error-free. By taking the time to carefully review your letter, you can make sure that your message is clear and effectively communicates your thoughts and feelings to the author. Here are some tips for proofreading and editing your letter:
Checking for grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors
Grammar: Review your letter for any grammatical mistakes. Pay attention to subject-verb agreement, verb tenses, and sentence structure. Ensure that your sentences are clear and concise.
Spelling: Use a spell-check tool to identify any spelling errors. However, don’t solely rely on spell-check as it may not catch all mistakes. Double-check the spelling of the author’s name and any book titles mentioned in your letter.
Punctuation: Check for proper punctuation usage, including commas, periods, quotation marks, and apostrophes. Make sure that your sentences are correctly punctuated and that your ideas are effectively conveyed.
Ensuring clarity and coherence
Read aloud: Read your letter aloud to yourself. This can help you identify any awkward or unclear sentences. If something doesn’t sound right when spoken, it may need to be revised.
Logical flow: Ensure that your letter flows logically from one point to another. Use transition words and phrases to connect your ideas and make your letter cohesive. Make sure that each paragraph has a clear purpose and contributes to the overall message of your letter.
Avoid repetition: Check for any unnecessary repetition of ideas or phrases. Remove any redundant sentences or words to make your letter more concise and focused.
Consistency: Maintain consistency in your writing style and tone throughout the letter. Avoid sudden shifts in language or tone that may confuse the reader.
Formatting: Pay attention to the formatting of your letter. Ensure that it is well-organized and visually appealing. Use paragraphs, headings, and bullet points where appropriate to make your letter easy to read.
Length: Consider the length of your letter. While it’s important to provide enough detail and express your thoughts fully, try to keep your letter concise and to the point. Long, rambling letters may lose the reader’s interest.
Proofreading and editing are essential steps in the letter-writing process. By carefully reviewing your letter for grammar, spelling, punctuation, clarity, and coherence, you can ensure that your message is effectively conveyed to the author. Taking the time to polish your letter demonstrates your respect for the author and increases the chances of receiving a meaningful response. So, before sending your letter, make sure to give it a thorough proofread and edit.
Sending the Letter
Once you have written a thoughtful and engaging letter to an author, the next step is to send it. The process of sending the letter involves choosing the appropriate method of delivery and, if desired, following up to increase the chances of receiving a response.
Choosing the Appropriate Method of Delivery
When it comes to sending your letter to an author, you have several options to consider. Here are a few common methods:
Traditional Mail: Sending your letter through traditional mail can add a personal touch to your correspondence. Consider using a well-designed envelope and high-quality stationery to make a positive impression. Remember to include the author’s full name and address correctly to ensure that your letter reaches the intended recipient.
Email: In today’s digital age, email has become a popular and convenient way to communicate. Sending your letter via email allows for quick delivery and eliminates the need for postage. However, keep in mind that authors may receive a high volume of emails, so make sure your subject line is clear and concise to increase the chances of your letter being opened and read.
Social Media: Some authors are active on social media platforms such as Twitter or Instagram. If you have a brief message or comment to share, reaching out to the author through social media can be a quick and direct way to communicate. However, keep in mind that social media platforms may not be the best avenue for longer, more detailed letters.
Following Up if a Response is Desired
If you are hoping for a response from the author, it is essential to follow up appropriately. Here are a few tips to consider:
Be Patient: Authors are often busy individuals, and it may take some time for them to respond to your letter. Give them a reasonable amount of time before considering a follow-up.
Respect Boundaries: If the author has provided contact information or guidelines for communication, make sure to adhere to them. Avoid sending multiple follow-up messages if the author has not responded, as this may be seen as intrusive or disrespectful.
Be Polite and Gracious: When following up, maintain a polite and gracious tone. Express your continued appreciation for the author’s work and reiterate your interest in hearing from them. Remember that authors receive numerous messages, so a polite and respectful approach can make your follow-up stand out.
In conclusion, sending your letter to an author is an exciting step in the process of connecting with them. By choosing the appropriate method of delivery and following up if desired, you increase the likelihood of receiving a response. Remember to be patient, respectful, and polite throughout the entire process. Writing letters to authors is a wonderful way to express your admiration and appreciation for their work, and it can also lead to meaningful connections and conversations. So go ahead, send that letter, and who knows, you might just receive a response that brings a smile to your face!
Writing Letters to Authors: Strengthening the Author-Reader Relationship
Writing letters to authors is a meaningful way to connect with the creators of the books that have touched our lives. This blog post aims to explore the importance of such correspondence and provide guidance on crafting engaging letters that foster a strong author-reader relationship.
Understanding the Author-Reader Relationship
Authors play a significant role in shaping the lives of readers. Their words have the power to inspire, educate, and entertain. By reaching out to authors through letters, readers can deepen their connection and gain insights into the creative process behind their favorite books.
Researching the Author
Before penning a letter, it is essential to gather information about the author. This research helps in understanding their background, influences, and the themes they explore in their works. By familiarizing ourselves with the author’s body of work, we can craft more meaningful and relevant letters.
Choosing the Right Format
When deciding on the format of the letter, it is crucial to consider the purpose and tone. Handwritten letters can add a personal touch, while typed letters offer clarity. Choose the format that aligns with the message you want to convey.
Crafting an Engaging Opening
Begin the letter by expressing appreciation for the author’s work. Share how their writing has impacted you personally. By highlighting specific moments or characters that resonated with you, you can capture the author’s attention and show your genuine interest.
Structuring the Letter
To ensure a well-structured letter, introduce yourself and explain the purpose of your correspondence. Then, dive into discussing specific aspects of the author’s work that you found compelling. Pose thoughtful questions or seek clarification on certain themes or characters to engage the author in a meaningful conversation.
Maintaining a Polite and Respectful Tone
While expressing your thoughts and opinions, it is important to use appropriate language and maintain a respectful tone. Avoid criticism or negative comments that may hinder the author-reader relationship. Focus on constructive feedback and appreciation instead.
Adding Personal Touches
To make your letter more personal, share anecdotes or experiences related to the author’s work. By conveying how their writing has impacted your life, you create a connection that goes beyond the words on the page. Additionally, compliment specific books or characters that left a lasting impression on you.
Wrapping Up the Letter
As you conclude the letter, express gratitude for the author’s time and work. Acknowledge the effort they put into creating stories that resonate with readers. Consider offering your contact information or requesting a response to encourage further dialogue.
Proofreading and Editing
Before sending the letter, thoroughly proofread it for grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors. Ensure that your thoughts are conveyed clearly and coherently. A well-edited letter reflects your attention to detail and enhances the overall impact of your message.
Sending the Letter
Choose the appropriate method of delivery based on the author’s preferences or guidelines provided. This could be through traditional mail or email, depending on the author’s accessibility. If you desire a response, consider following up after a reasonable period.
In conclusion, writing letters to authors is a powerful way to strengthen the author-reader relationship. By conducting research, choosing the right format, and crafting engaging letters, readers can connect with authors on a deeper level. So, let’s take the time to express our appreciation and share our thoughts with the authors who have touched our lives through their words.
Note: This outline can be modified and expanded upon as needed.
